The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) is a Christian church founded and based in the United States by Polish-Americans who were Roman Catholic. However, the PNCC is today not in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, and differs with it theologically in several important respects. While the PNCC continues to affirm its Polish heritage, many parishes now refer to themselves as "National Catholic" Churches.
As of November 2006, the PNCC has 126 parishes in the United States and Canada, with membership of 60,000, according to its report to the National Council of Churches.[1]

History
The PNCC is a longstanding member of the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches.
From 1907 until 2003 the PNCC was a member of the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht, and for much of that time was the only member church of the Union based outside Europe. However, in the 1970s this relationship grew strained, as there was a gradual shift towards liberalism in the rest of Utrecht Union churches, as opposed to a trend towards conservatism in the PNCC.[3] The PNCC in the United States and Canada entered into a state of "impaired communion" with the Utrecht Union in 1997, since the PNCC did not accept the validity of ordaining women to the priesthood, which most other Utrecht Union churches had been doing for the past several years. The PNCC continued to refuse full communion with those churches that ordained women; thus, in 2003 the International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference expelled the PNCC from the Utrecht Union, determining that "full communion, as determined in the statute of the IBC, could not be restored and that therefore, as a consequence, the separation of our Churches follows." (The following year the Old Catholic Church in Slovakia seceded from the Union over similar issues.) However, in 2004 the cathedral of the PNCC's Canadian diocese (St. John's Cathedral, Toronto) was reconciled with the Union and is once again in full communion with the Anglican Diocese of Toronto.
For some years the PNCC had inter-communion with the Episcopal Church in the United States, but in 1978 the PNCC terminated this relationship in response to the latter's decision to ordain women to the priesthood.
Although the PNCC has entered into tentative negotiations with Orthodox Churches in North America, no union has resulted due to the PNCC's substantial adherence to the Roman Catholic view of the sacraments and other issues.
Dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church led in 1996 to an arrangement of "limited inter-communion" between the two churches.[4] Subsequent dialogue has been affected by the PNCC reception of some former Roman Catholic clergy, and this was acknowledged in a 2006 joint statement between the two groups. Other obstacles to full communion cited in the 2006 statement include different views of the role of the Pope, and the level of involvement of the laity in church governance.[5]
A group of Catholics in Norway who split from the Lutheran state Church of Norway, who go by the name Nordic Catholic Church, are under the auspices of the Polish National Catholic Church, and according to some articles will have a bishop consecrated by the PNCC soon.

Swahili (also called Kiswahili; see below for derivation) is a Bantu language. It is the most widely spoken language of sub-Saharan Africa. Since only 5-10 million of the 80 million speakers speak it as their native language Swahili has become a lingua franca in much of East Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and is now the only African language among the official working languages of the African Union. Swahili is also taught in the major universities in the world, and several international media outlets, such as the BBC, Voice of America and Xinhua have Swahili programs.

Overview
"Kiswahili" is the Swahili word for the Swahili language, and this is also sometimes used in English. 'Ki-' is a prefix attached to nouns of the noun class that includes languages (see Noun classes below). Kiswahili refers to the 'Swahili Language'; Waswahili refers to the people of the 'Swahili Coast'; and Swahili refers to the 'Culture' of the Swahili People. (A common colloquialism, Uswahili, has been used for years in Tanzania as a derogatory term for "base" behaviour or attitude. Its relationship to actual Swahili culture is unclear and somewhat controversial.) See Bantu languages for a more detailed discussion of the grammar of nouns.

Name
Swahili is unusual among sub-Saharan languages in having lost the feature of lexical tone (with the exception of the Mijikenda dialect group that includes the numerically important Mvita dialect, the dialect of Kenya's second city, the Indian Ocean port of Mombasa).

Sounds
Standard Swahili has five vowel phonemes: /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, and /u/. They are very similar to the vowels of Spanish and Italian, though /u/ stands between /u/ and /o/ in those languages. Vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress. The vowels are pronounced as follows:
Swahili has no diphthongs; in vowel combinations, each vowel is pronounced separately. Therefore the Swahili word for "leopard", chui, is pronounced /tʃu.i/, with hiatus.

/ɑ/ is pronounced like the "a" in father
/ɛ/ is pronounced like the "e" in bed
/i/ is pronounced like the "i" in ski
/ɔ/ is pronounced like the first part of the "o" in American English home, or like a tenser version of "o" in British English "lot"
/u/ is pronounced between the "u" in rude and the "o" in rote. Vowels
Notes:

The nasal stops are pronounced as separate syllables when they appear before a plosive (mtoto [m.to.to] "child", nilimpiga [ni.li.m.pi.ɠa] "I hit him"), and prenasalized stops are decomposed into two syllables when the word would otherwise have one (mbwa [m.bwa] "dog"). However, elsewhere this doesn't happen: ndizi "banana" has two syllables, [ndi.zi], as does nenda [ne.nda] (not *[nen.da]) "go".
The fricatives in parentheses, th dh kh gh, are borrowed from Arabic. Many Swahili speakers pronounce them as [s z h r], respectively.
Swahili orthography does not distinguish aspirate from tenuis consonants. When nouns in the N-class begin with plosives, they are aspirated (tembo [tembo] "palm wine", but tembo [tʰembo] "elephant") in some dialects. Otherwise aspirate consonants are not common.
Swahili l and r are confounded by many speakers, and are often both realized as /ɺ/ Consonants
In common with all Bantu languages, Swahili grammar arranges nouns into a number of classes. The ancestral system had 22 classes, counting singular and plural as distinct according to the Meinhof system, with most Bantu languages sharing at least ten of these. Swahili employs sixteen: six classes that usually indicate singular nouns, five classes that usually indicate plural nouns, a class for abstract nouns, a class for verbal infinitives used as nouns, and three classes to indicate location.
Nouns beginning with m- in the singular and wa- in the plural denote animate beings, especially people. Examples are mtu, meaning 'person' (plural watu), and mdudu, meaning 'insect' (plural wadudu). A class with m- in the singular but mi- in the plural often denotes plants, such as mti 'tree', miti trees. The infinitive of verbs begins with ku-, e.g. kusoma 'to read'. Other classes are harder to categorize. Singulars beginning in ki- take plurals in vi-; they often refer to hand tools and other artifacts. This ki-/vi- alteration even applies to foreign words where the ki- was originally part of the root, so vitabu "books" from kitabu "book" (from Arabic kitāb "book"). This class also contains languages (such as the name of the language Kiswahili), and diminutives, which had been a separate class in earlier stages of Bantu. Words beginning with u- are often abstract, with no plural, e.g. utoto 'childhood'.
A fifth class begins with n- or m- or nothing, and its plural is the same. Another class has ji- or no prefix in the singular, and takes ma- in the plural; this class is often used for augmentatives. When the noun itself does not make clear which class it belongs to, its concords do. Adjectives and numerals commonly take the noun prefixes, and verbs take a different set of prefixes.
The same noun root can be used with different noun-class prefixes for derived meanings: human mtoto (watoto) "child (children)", abstract utoto "childhood", diminutive kitoto (vitoto) "infant(s)", augmentative toto (matoto) "big child (children)". Also vegetative mti (miti) "tree(s)", artifact kiti (viti) "stool(s)", augmentative jiti (majiti) "large tree", kijiti (vijiti) "stick(s)", ujiti (njiti) "tall slender tree".
Although the Swahili noun class system is technically grammatical gender, there is a difference from the grammatical gender of European languages: In Swahili, the class assignments of nouns is still largely semantically motivated, whereas the European systems are mostly arbitrary. However, the classes cannot be understood as simplistic categories such as 'people' or 'trees'. Rather, there are extensions of meaning, words similar to those extensions, and then extensions again from these. The end result is a semantic net that made sense at the time, and often still does make sense, but which can be confusing to a non-speaker.
Take the ki-/vi- class. Originally it was two separate genders: artifacts (Bantu class 7/8, utensils & hand tools mostly) and diminutives (Bantu class 12). Examples of the first are kisu "knife"; kiti "chair, stool", from mti "tree, wood"; chombo "vessel" (a contraction of ki-ombo). Examples of the latter are kitoto "infant", from mtoto "child"; kitawi "frond", from tawi "branch"; and chumba (ki-umba) "room", from nyumba "house". It is the diminutive sense that has been furthest extended. An extension common to many languages is approximation and resemblance (having a 'little bit' of some characteristic, like -y or -ish is English). For example, there is kijani "green", from jani "leaf" (compare English 'leafy'), kichaka "bush" from chaka "clump", and kivuli "shadow" from uvuli "shade". A 'little bit' of a verb would be an instance of an action, and such instantiations (usually not very active ones) are also found: kifo "death", from the verb -fa "to die"; kiota "nest" from -ota "to brood"; chakula "food" from kula "to eat"; kivuko "a ford, a pass" from -vuka "to cross"; and kilimia "the Pleiades, from -limia "to farm with", from its role in guiding planting. A resemblance, or being a bit like something, implies marginal status in a category, so things that are marginal examples of their class may take the ki-/vi- prefixes. One example is chura (ki-ura) "frog", which is only half terrestrial and therefore marginal as an animal. This extension may account for disabilities as well: kilema "a cripple", kipofu "a blind person", kiziwi "a deaf person". Finally, diminutives often denote contempt, and contempt is sometimes expressed against things that are dangerous. This might be the historical explanation for kifaru "rhinoceros", kingugwa "spotted hyena", and kiboko "hippopotamus" (perhaps originally meaning "stubby legs").
Another class with broad semantic extension is the m-/mi- class (Bantu classes 3/4). This is often called the 'tree' class, because mti, miti "tree(s)" is the prototypical example, but that doesn't do it justice. Rather, it seems to cover vital entities which are neither human nor typical animals: trees and other plants, such as mwitu 'forest' and mtama 'millet' (and from there, things made from plants, like mkeka 'mat'); supernatural and natural forces, such as mwezi 'moon', mlima 'mountain', mto 'river'; active things, such as moto 'fire', including active body parts (moyo 'heart', mkono 'hand, arm'); and human groups, which are vital but not themselves human, such as mji 'village', perhaps msikiti 'mosque', and, by analogy, mzinga 'beehive'. From the central idea of tree, which is thin, tall, and spreading, comes an extension to other long or extended things or parts of things, such as mwavuli 'umbrella', moshi 'smoke', msumari 'nail'; and from activity there even come active instantiations of verbs, such as mfuo "hammering", from -fua "to hammer", or mlio "a sound", from -lia "to make a sound". Words may be connected to their class by more than one metaphor. For example, mkono is an active body part, and mto is an active natural force, but they are also both long and thin. Things with a trajectory, such as mpaka 'border' and mwendo 'journey', are classified with long thin things in many languages. This may be further extended to anything dealing with time, such as mwaka 'year' and perhaps mshahara 'wages'. Also, animals which are exceptional in some way and therefore don't fit easily in the other classes may be placed in this class.
The other classes have foundations that may at first seem similarly counterintuitive.

Noun classes
Swahili verbs consist of a root and a number of affixes (mostly prefixes) which can be attached to express grammatical persons, tense and many clauses that would require a conjunction in other languages (usually prefixes). As sometimes these affixes are sandwiched in between the root word and other affixes, some linguists have mistakenly assumed that Swahili uses infixes which is not the case.
Most verbs, the verbs of Bantu origin, will end in '-a'. This is vital to know for using the Imperative, or Command, conjugation form.
In most dictionaries, verbs are listed in their root form, for example -kata meaning 'to cut/chop'. In a simple sentence, prefixes for grammatical tense and person are added, e.g. ninakata. Here ni- means 'I' and na- indicates present tense unless stated otherwise.
Verb Conjugation

ni-	-na-	kata
1sg	DEF. TIME	cut/chop

'I am cutting (it)'
Now this sentence can be modified either by changing the subject prefix or the tense prefix, for example:

u-	-na-	kata
2sg	DEF. TIME	cut/chop

'You are cutting'

u-	-me-	kata
2sg	PERFECT	cut/chop

'You have cut'
The simple present is more complicated and learners often take some of the phrases for slang before they discover the proper usage. Nasoma means 'I read'. This is not short for ninasoma ('I am reading'). -A- is the indefinite (gnomic tense) prefix, used for example in generic statements such as "birds fly", and the vowel of the prefix ni- is assimilated. It may be simpler to consider these to be a single prefix:

na-	soma
1sg:GNOM	read

'I read'

mwa-	soma
2pl:GNOM	read

'You (pl) read'
The complete list of basic subject prefixes is (for the m-/wa- or human class):

	SINGULAR	PLURAL
1st PERSON	Ni-	Tu-
2nd PERSON	U-	M-
3rd PERSON	A-	Wa-

The most common tense prefixes are:

a-	gnomic (indefinite time)
na-	definite time (often present progressive)
me-	perfect
li-	past
ta-	future
hu-	habitual

However it is not only tenses in the sense the word is used in English that can be expressed by tense prefixes: conjunctions can be used in this context as well. For example ki- is the prefix for <conditional> - the sentence "nikinunua nyama wa mbuzi sokoni, nitapika leo" means 'If I buy goat meat at the market, I'll cook today'. The conjunction 'if' in this sentence is simply represented by -ki.
A third prefix can be added, the object prefix. It is placed just before the root and can either refer to a person, replace an object or emphasize a particular one, e.g.:

a-	na-	mw-	ona
3sg	DEF.T.	3sg.OBJ	see

'He (is) see(ing) him/her'

ni-	na-	mw-	ona	mtoto
1sg	DEF.T.	3sg.OBJ	see	child

'I (am) see(ing) the child'
There are not just prefixes. The root of a word is not really the one proposed by most dictionaries - the final vowel is an affix too. The suffix provided by dictionaries means <indicative>. Other forms occur for instance with negation, e.g. sisomi (the "-" in this case means null morpheme, i.e. it represents an empty space):

si-	-	som-	-i
1sg.NEG	TENSE	read	NEG

'I am not reading/ I don't read'
Other instances of this change of the final vowel include the conjunctive, where an -e is implemented. This goes only for Bantu verbs ending with -a, ones derived from Arabic follow more complex rules.
Other suffixes, which once again look suspiciously like infixes, are placed before the end vowel, e.g.

wa-	na-	pig	-w	-a
3pl	DEF.T.	hit	PASSIVE	IND.

'They are being hit'

Verb affixation
(East African) Swahili time runs from dawn to dusk, rather than midnight to midday. 7am and 7pm are therefore both one o'clock while midnight and midday are six o'clock. Words such as asubuhi 'morning', jioni 'evening' and usiku 'night' can be used to demarcate periods of the day, for example:
More specific time demarcations include adhuhuri 'early afternoon', alasiri 'late afternoon', usiku wa manane 'late night/past midnight', 'sunrise' macheo and sunset machweo.
At certain times there is some overlap of terms used to demarcate day and night, e.g. 7:00 p.m. can be either saa moja jioni or saa moja usiku.
Other relevant phrases include na robo 'and a quarter', na nusu 'and a half', kasarobo/kasorobo 'less a quarter', and dakika 'minute(s)':
Swahili time derives from the fact that the sun rises at around 6am and sets at around 6pm everyday in most of the areas where Swahili speakers reside.

saa moja asubuhi   ('hour one morning')   7:00 a.m.
saa tisa usiku   ('hour nine night')  3:00 a.m.
saa mbili usiku   ('hour two evening')   8:00 p.m.
saa nne na nusu   ('hour four and a half')   10:30
saa tatu na dakika tano   ('hour three and minutes five')   five past nine
saa mbili kasorobo   ('hour two less a quarter')   7:45
saa tatu kasoro   ('a few minutes to nine')
Modern standard Swahili is often considered to be based on Kiunguja, the dialect spoken in Zanzibar town, whereas its linguistic basis is thought to have originated from Kingozi, the language of the inhabitants of the ancient town of "Ngozi" in Burundi

Kiunguja: spoken in Zanzibar town and environs on Zanzibar island. Other dialects occupy the bulk of the island.
Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi: the countryside dialects of the island of Zanzibar. Kimakunduchi is a recent renaming of "Kihadimu"; the old name means "serf", hence it is considered pejorative.
Kimrima: spoken around Pangani, Vanga, Dar es Salaam, Rufiji and Mafia Island.
Kimgao: spoken around Kilwa and to the south.
Kipemba: local dialect of the island of Pemba.
Mijikenda, a group of dialects spoken in and around Mvita island. Includes Kimvita, the other major dialect alongside Kiunguja.
Kingare: subdialect of the Mombasa area.
Chijomvu: subdialect of the Mombasa area.
Chi-Chifundi: dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
Kivumba: dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
Kiamu: spoken in and around the island of Lamu (Amu).
Kingozi: this is a special case as it was the language of the inhabitants of the ancient town of "Ngozi" in Burundi and is perhaps the basis of the Swahili language.
Sheng: a sort of street slang, this is a blend of Swahili, English, and some ethnic languages spoken in and around Nairobi in informal settings. Sheng originated in the Nairobi slums and is considered fashionable and cosmopolitan among a growing segment of the population. Dialects of Swahili

Kimwani: spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique.
Kingwana: spoken in the eastern and southern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sometimes called Copperbelt Swahili, especially the variety spoken in the south.
Comorian language, the language of the Comoros Islands, which form a chain between Tanzania and the northern tip of Madagascar.
Chimwiini was traditionally spoken around the Somali town of Barawa. In recent years, most of its speakers have fled to Kenya to escape civil war. Whether Chimwiini is Swahili or a distinct language is a question that provokes division within each of the following groups: linguists specializing in Swahili, Chimwiini speakers, and speakers of other Swahili dialects. Languages similar to Swahili
There is as yet insufficient historical or archaeological evidence to allow one to state with confidence when and where either the Swahili language or the Swahili ethnicity emerged. Nevertheless, it is assumed that the Swahili speaking people have occupied their present territories, hugging the Indian Ocean, since well before AD 1000. Arab invaders from the Oman conquered and Islamicized much of the Swahili territories, in particular the twin islands of Zanzibar and Pemba to the south and the port towns to the north (Mombasa, etc.). Historically, Swahili literature first flowered in the northern half, even though in our time Zanzibar's fame as a center of Swahili culture is greater.
Starting about 1800, the rulers of Zanzibar organized trading expeditions into the interior of the mainland, up to the various lakes in the continent's Great Rift Valley. They soon established permanent trade routes and Swahili speaking merchants settled in stops along the new trade routes. For the most part, this process did not lead to genuine colonization. But colonisation did occur west of Lake Malawi, in what is now Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, giving rise to a highly divergent dialect.
After Germany seized the region known as Tanganyika (present day mainland Tanzania) for a colony in 1886, it took notice of the wide (but shallow) dissemination of Swahili, and soon designated Swahili as a colony wide official administrative language. The British did not do so in neighbouring Kenya, even though they made moves in that direction. The British and Germans both were keen to facilitate their rule over colonies with dozens of languages spoken by selecting a single local language that hopefully would be well accepted by the natives. Swahili was the only good candidate in these two colonies.
In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in World War I, it was dispossessed of all its overseas territories. Tanganyika fell into British hands. The British authorities, with the collaboration of British Christian missionary institutions active in these colonies, increased their resolve to institute Swahili as a common language for primary education and low level governance throughout their East African colonies (Uganda, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and Kenya). Swahili was to be subordinate to English: university education, much secondary education, and governance at the highest levels would be conducted in English.
One key step in spreading Swahili was to create a standard written language. In June 1928, an interterritorial conference was held at Mombasa, at which the Zanzibar dialect, Kiunguja, was chosen to be the basis for standardizing Swahili. Kenya's population is about equal, but apparently, the prevalence of Swahili there is less, although still large. The usage of Swahili in other countries is commonly overstated, but with the second language speakers in just the two nations of Kenya and Tanzania (possibly exceeding 50 million combined), Swahili now far outpaces Hausa in West Africa as the sub-Saharan indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers. At the same time, it must be realized that in fact no indigenous sub-Saharan language is widely spoken, relative to the total population of that part of the world. The number of speakers of Swahili is well under ten percent of that region's population.


In Civilization IV, the title music is a rearrangement of the Lord's Prayer in Swahili, sharing the same name - "Baba Yetu" ("Our Father"). [1]
In Michael Jackson's 1987 single "Liberian Girl" the repeated intro is the swahili phrase "Nakupenda pia, nakutaka pia, mpenzi wee!" which translates "I love you too, and I want you too, my love!"
Bungie Studios uses this language in some of its games (Halo 2).

See also

Fenghua (奉化; pinyin: Fènghuà) is a county-level city in the north of Zhejiang province, China. It is under the jurisdiction of Ningbo prefecture-level city. The city and its administrative hinterlands has a population of over 480,000.
Fenghua is most famous for being the hometown of former ROC President Chiang Kai-shek. Geographically, it is dominated by the Tiantai and Siming mountain ranges.

History
Today, Fenghua is a centre for light manufacturing and small scale farming. It boasts a number of premier garment and textiles factories, including the Romon brand widely recognised in China. It is also home to the vast industrial facilities of Ningbo Bird, a leading Chinese mobile phone manufacturer. As the port city of Ningbo is further integrated into the burgeoning economic region of Shanghai, Fenghua will attract increased foreign investment and continue to grow.
In 2003, the city's gross product was RMB 9.5 billion (per capita RMB 19,700), an increase of 18% from the previous year.

Orange SA IPA: [ɔʀɑ̃ʒ] is a mobile network operator and an internet service provider that is a subsidiary of France Télécom. Orange also belongs to the FreeMove mobile phone alliance. Orange is now the unique commercial facade of almost all France Telecom services.
It is a mobile network operator in Europe, including France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (see Orange UK), Switzerland, Austria

Introduction
Microtel Communications Ltd was formed in April 1990 as a consortium comprising Pactel Corporation, British Aerospace, Millicom and french company Matra (British Aerospace soon acquired full control of the company). In 1991 Microtel was awarded a license to develop a mobile network in the UK, and in July 1991 Hutchison Telecommunications (UK) Ltd acquired Microtel from BAe. BAe was paid in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK) Ltd. shares, giving the company a 30% share. Microtel was renamed Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd. in 1994. Wolff Olins and advertising agency WCRS created the Orange brand. (The logo is square because a round Orange logo was already in existence designed by leading Graphic Designer Neville Brody for the reprographics and printing firm that is also known as Orange). The Orange network was launched on 28 April 1994.
Orange plc was formed in 1995 as a holding company for the Orange group. France Télécom formed the present company in 2001 after acquiring Orange plc (which had been acquired by Mannesmann AG, itself purchased by Vodafone shortly after, leading Vodafone to divest Orange) and merging its existing mobile operations into the company. The company was initially 100% owned by France Télécom (although there were and remain minority investors in some of the national operating companies). In 2001 15% was sold in an IPO, but in 2003 this was bought back in.

Orange (mobile network operator)
Orange as an ISP operates in France, the United Kingdom, Equatorial Guinea, the Netherlands, Spain, Senegal, Slovakia and Switzerland. France Télécom also operates as an ISP in Poland through its stake in Telekomunikacja Polska, which is now being co-branded as Orange. It is currently the largest ISP in Europe with over ten million subscribers (including those of Telekomunikacja Polska), largely concentrated in France, the UK, Spain, the Netherlands and Poland, and was originally known as Wanadoo.
The origin of the name Wanadoo is subject to some controversy, as some maintain it came about in the late 1990s when many internet companies competed to choose "Yahoo" sounding names. However it might be that the name Wanadoo first appeared in an internal project at France Télécom, much in line with a number of other such projects such as Intranoo, Tatoo, Netatoo and @noo.
Wanadoo was floated on the stock market on 18 July 2000. In 2000, Wanadoo also took over the major British ISP Freeserve, which had previously been part of the Dixons Group (now DSG International plc). Following the buy-out, Freeserve maintained its own branding for a while before finally changing to the Wanadoo name on 28 April 2004.
However, the name Wanadoo changed to Orange on 1 June 2006 to simplify branding by common parent company, France Télécom. This merging of companies has created a single brand offering mobile telecommunications and internet services.

Orange (ISP)
In June 2005, France Télécom announced that its ISP Wanadoo and business service Equant will both be renamed Orange in 2006 to harmonize branding. In July 2005, France Télécom announced its intention to acquire 80% of the Spanish mobile phone operator Amena, a deal that was completed in November 2005. Amena was also rebranded to Orange with Wanadoo in Spain and Uni2, a fixed line provider, to complete a "triple play".
At the beginning of 2006, Orange in Slovakia started providing triple-play services via FTTH under the name "Orange Homebox".
From July 2007, T-Mobile Netherlands [1] is trying to buy Orange Netherlands from France Télécom.

Recent changes
Because the brand was originally owned by Hutchison, many of Hutchison's Asian and Oceanic subsidiaries continued using the Orange brand until recently.
On the 1 February 2006, Hutchison Telecom announced its Australian affiliate would withdraw the Orange brand name. Its CDMA network was shut down on August 9, 2006, after the vast majority of its customers had already migrated to the 3 network (also owned by Hutchison).
The Orange brand name has also now been removed from India. Orange Mumbai has now been rebranded to Hutch. The website simply states that "Orange is now Hutch in Mumbai" before redirecting to the Hutch website.
The Orange network in Thailand was rebranded to True Move in 2006, after Orange SA pulled out from Thailand.
The Orange brand continues to be used under licence by Partner Communications Company Ltd. in Israel.

Use of the Orange brand by other companies
Most operations in Orange SA are also branded Orange, but not all - the exceptions being Mobistar in Belgium, One in Austria, Mobinil in Egypt and Optimus Telecomunicações in Portugal. This generally relates to whether the parent company has a majority holding.

Chip Reid is a political correspondent for NBC News. He is based in NBC's Washington, D.C. bureau, where he covers Congress and politics.

The United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system: England and Wales have one system; Scotland another; and Northern Ireland another. In the area of immigration law, the jurisdiction of the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal and of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission covers all of the United Kingdom; and in employment law Employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal have jurisdiction in the whole of Great Britain (but not Northern Ireland.)
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 creates a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the judicial functions of the Law Lords in the House of Lords and some functions from the Judicial committee of the Privy Council. When it starts in 2009 it will serve as the highest court of appeal from the courts of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland and for civil cases from the Court of Session of Scotland (but not criminal cases, where the High Court of Justiciary remains the supreme court of Scotland).

Republic of Mordovia (Russian: Респу́блика Мордо́вия; Moksha/Erzya: Мордовия Республикась) or Mordvinia is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). The direct romanization of the republic's name is Respublika Mordoviya in Russian.

Geography
Mordovia is located in the Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD).

Time zone
There are 114 rivers in Mordovia. Major rivers include:

Alatyr River (Erzya: Rator)
Issa River
Moksha River
Satis River
Sivin River
Sura River
Vad River Rivers
There are approximately 500 lakes in Mordovia.

Lakes
Natural resources include peat, mineral waters, and others.

Natural resources
Climate is moderately continental.

Average January temperature: −11°C
Average July temperature: +19°C
Average annual precipitation: ~500 mm Administrative divisions

Main article: Mordvin people Demographics

History
Earliest archaeological signs of human beings in the area of Mordovia are from the neolithical era. Finno-Ugric Mordvins are mentioned in written sources in 6th century. Later, Mordvins were under the influence of both Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus. Mordvin princes sometimes raided Muroma and Volga Bulgaria, and often despoiled each other's holdings.

Early history
The Mongols conquered vast areas of Eastern Europe in 13th century. They established the khanate of the Golden Horde in 1241, subjugating the area of Mordovia. Mordvins fought against Mongols and later alongside with Russians . The Golden Horde disintegrated in 1330s, which resulted in Mordvins becoming subjects of Khanate of Kazan, the successor monarchy.

Mongol rule
When Ivan IV of Russia annexed the khanate of Kazan in 1552, the Mordovin lands were subjugated to the Russian tsars. The Mordvin elite rapidly assumed Russian language and customs, whereas 1821 saw the publication of the New Testament in Erzya to address the non-elite population. In rural areas, Mordvin culture was preserved. Russians started to convert Mordvins to Orthodox Christianity in mid-1700s. Mordvins gave up their own shamanist religion only slowly, however, and many of shamanist features were preserved as parts of local culture though the population became nominally christian. Translations of literature to Mordvin languages were mostly religious books. In 1700s, the Latin alphabet was used in writing Mordvin, but from the mid-1800s, Cyrillic was used.

Russian rule
During the Russian revolution and civil war, Mordovia was held mostly by opponents of Bolsheviks. When the Bolsheviks prevailed in the war, Mordovia became a part of the Soviet Union. In 1925, the Soviet government founded autonomous districts and village councils in the area of Mordvins. During the Soviet era, two written languages were developed: based on the Erzya dialect in 1922 and on the Moksha dialect in 1923, both using Cyrillic script. The autonomous district of Mordvins was founded on 16 July 1928 and it was elevated to autonomous area on 10 January 1930. The autonomous area was formed as the Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of Mordovia on 20 December 1934.

Part of the Soviet Union
When the Soviet Union disintegrated, ASSR of Mordvins proclaimed itself the Republic of Mordovia in 1991, and remained a part of Federation of Russia. The Republic of Mordovia in its present form has existed since January 25, 1994.

Part of the Russian Federation
The head of government in the Republic of Mordovia is the Head of the Republic. As of 2004, the head of the republic is Nikolay Merkushkin, who was elected in February of 1998.

Politics
The most developed industries are machine building, chemical, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Saransk, as well as in the towns of Kovylkino and Ruzayevka, and in the urban settlements of Chamzinka (Erzya: Chaunza) and the adjacent Komsomolsky.

Economy
There are many museums in Mordovia. The largest ones include the Mordovian Republican United Museum of Regional Studies and the Museum of Mordvinian Culture in Saransk.
The National Library of the Republic of Mordovia is the largest library in the republic.
The State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Mordovia, located in Saransk, is well-known in Russia. Most of the plays played in this theater are Russian fairy-tales.

Culture
The most important facilities of higher education include Mordovian State University and Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute in Saransk.

Religion

Music of Mordovia

This is a list of official state beverages:

The Frankfurt Parliament is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolutions of 1848 that tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. Meeting in the city of Frankfurt am Main, the assembly was attended by 586 deputies.
The members of the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt on May 18, 1848, when the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, influenced by the 1848 revolutions, gave support to a National Assembly to discuss German unification.

Deliberations
Sessions started in July when civil rights were discussed. An agreement about civil rights was reached in October and promulgated in December. These civil rights would form the main foundation of many democratic constitutions in the individual German states.

Civil Rights
After the discussion about civil rights the Assembly factionalized along liberal-versus-conservative lines, as well as between monarchists and republicans.
The existence of so many factions, of course, made the work far more difficult.

On the far right side appeared the conservative federalists, who advocated a federal state with huge powers for the monarchs.
Not as far to the right were the constitutional federalists, who advocated a federal state with the monarch submitting to constitutions.
On the moderate left side appeared the parliamentary unitarists, who advocated a centralized state with a monarchy responsible to parliament.
On the far left, appeared the republican unitarists, who advocated a centralized republic. Factions
Work was further obstructed by conservative resistance from Austria, Prussia and foreign countries and by a quarrel about Schleswig-Holstein. After difficult debates the deputies chose for the small German solution (Kleindeutschland: Germany under Prussian lead, without Austria).

Obstruction
At the same time as the events in Frankfurt, a Danish constitutional convention had assembled in Copenhagen, and the question of extending the draft constitution to Schleswig quickly arose, since Schleswig's population was mostly Danish and felt threatened by the prospect of becoming a small minority in a new Germany. The new king was not unsympathetic to such a policy but was afraid of its possible consequences. This crisis led to a German revolt in both Schleswig and Holstein, prompting the Frankfurt Parliament to approve the intervention of Prussia to protect its member state Holstein. On April 9, 1848 the Prussian government authorised its army to intervene in Schleswig as well.
A following Prussian-Danish armistice in August 1848 was negotiated without the consent of the Frankfurt Parliament, thus underlining a major serious weakness; it controlled no military forces of its own. The German-Danish war continued until 1851.

Schleswig-Holstein
In September revolts occurred in Frankfurt and the parliament had to call troops from the German states.

Revolts
In October 1848 delibrations about a constitution started. Results were presented in April 1849. The constitution was meant to be a synthesis of tradition (empire, monarchy, federal state) and progress (universal suffrage, house of representatives).

Failure
The Frankfurt Parliament was the first attempt to create a unified Germany. It was given the room to operate but the parliament was weak as it had no legal power (which was in the hands of the German Confederation). Furthermore the public's strong support of the monarchy prevented a permanent backing of the revolutionary forces. The rich people sided with the political leadership and the aristocracy. The conflict between the interests of the rich people, and those of the lower classes was too wide to be bridged by a compromise agreement. The revolutionaries also lacked uniformity in terms of demands. The military and bureaucrats remained loyal to the leading classes while the assembly did not have its own military troops. Instead of representing the entire public, the parliament only reflected intellectuals. They needed so much time to finish the constitution that when they were ready the monarchy had fortified already. The revolutions on which the parliament was founded were crushed. The refusal of Friedrich Wilhelm IV to accept the "crown from the gutter" (Germany) gave Prussia and Austria an excuse to withdraw their deputies, thus crushing the last hazard of revolution. The great winners were the conservatives.

Conclusion

Friedrich Lang [Alterspräsident] (18 May 1848 - 19 May 1848)
Heinrich von Gagern (19 May 1848 - 16 December 1848)
Eduard Simson (18 December 1848 - 11 May 1849)
Jacob Ludwig Theodor Reh (12 May 1849 - 30 May 1849)
Friedrich Wilhelm Löwe (6 June 1849 - 18 June 1849) See also

Frankfurt Parliament by Frank Eyck, 1969 ISBN 0-312-30345-9
A Year of Revolutions: Fanny Lewald's Recollections of 1848 translated, edited, and annotated by Hanna Ballin Lewis, 1997. ISBN 1-57181-099-4

Henry Rathvon is a puzzle writer. He and his partner, Emily Cox, write The Puzzler, a cryptic crossword featured each month in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly. They also create acrostic puzzles for the New York Times, cryptic crosswords for Canada's National Post, puzzles for the US Airways in-flight magazine, Attache, and (with Henry Hook) Sunday crosswords for the Boston Globe.
In 2005, Rathvon's play Trapezium, a comedy in iambic pentameter, was produced by the Orlando-UCF Shakespeare Festival.
Rathvon is a member of the National Puzzlers' League under the nom Hex.

Cynara alba Cynara algarbiensis Cynara auranitica Cynara baetica Cynara cardunculus Cynara cornigera Cynara cyrenaica Cynara humilis Cynara hystrix Cynara scolymus Cynara syriaca Note that this list may include some synonyms
Cynara is a genus of about 10 species of thistle-like perennial plants in the family Asteraceae, originally from the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa, and the Canary Islands.
Cynara species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades and Double-striped Pug.
Among the species in this genus are:

Cynara cardunculus is the Cardoon or Artichoke thistle or Wild artichoke, in some places used as a food. It is a common source of a coagulant used as an alternative to rennet in the manufacture of cheese, with the advantage that the cheese is then fully suitable for vegetarians; many southern European cheeses are traditionally made in this way. The edible Globe Artichoke may be an ancient cultigen of this plant. As an introduced species in California and Australia, it is a major pest.
Cynara humilis, a wild thistle of southern Europe and north Africa, traditionally used as a food by the Berbers. Like C. cardunculus, it can also be used in cheese-making.
Cynara scolymus is the edible Globe Artichoke. It differs from C. cardunculus in that the leaf lobes and inner bracts of involucre are less spiny.

Middle Bronze Age 18–15th c. BC Note: This article contains special characters.
The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵית עִבְרִי‎ , alefbet ivri) is a set of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Five of these letters have a different form when appearing as the last letter in a word. The Hebrew letters are used in mildly adapted forms for writing several languages of the Jewish diaspora, most famously Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic (for a full and detailed list, see Jewish languages). Hebrew is written from right to left.
The Hebrew word for "alphabet" is אלףבית (alefbet), named after the first two letters of the Hebrew alphabet. The Hebrew alphabet is an abjad, having letters for consonants, but means were later devised to indicate vowels by separate vowel points or niqqud. In rabbinic Hebrew, the alefbet is used as an alphabet by using the consonant letters אהוי as matres lectionis.
The number of letters in the Hebrew alphabet, their order, their names, and their phonetic values are virtually identical to those of the Aramaic alphabet, as both Hebrews and Arameans borrowed the Phoenician alphabet for their uses during the end of the 2nd millennium BC.
The modern script used for writing Hebrew (usually called the Jewish script by scholars, and also traditionally known as the square script, block script, or Assyrian script — not to be confused with the Eastern variant of the Syriac alphabet) evolved during the 3rd century BC from the Aramaic script, which was used by Jews for writing Hebrew since the 6th century BC. Prior to that, Hebrew was written using the old Hebrew script, which evolved during the 10th century BC from the Phoenician script; the Samaritans still write Hebrew in a variant of this script for religious works (see Samaritan alphabet).

Ugaritic 15th c. BC
Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC

• Phoenician 11th c. BC
  
  
  
  • Paleo-Hebrew 10th c. BC
    Aramaic 8th c. BC
    
    
    
    • Brāhmī & Indic 6th c. BC
      
      
      
      • Tibetan 7th c.
        Khmer/Javanese 9th c.
        Hebrew 3rd c. BC
        Syriac 2nd c. BC
        
        
        
        • Nabatean 2nd c. BC
          
          
          
          • Arabic 4th c.
            Pahlavi 3nd c. BC
            
            
            
            • Avestan 4th c.
              Greek 9th c. BC
              
              
              
              • Etruscan 8th c. BC
                
                
                
                • Latin 7th c. BC
                  Runes 2nd c.
                  Ogham 4th c.
                  Gothic 3th c.
                  Armenian 405
                  Glagolitic 862
                  Cyrillic 10th c.
                  Samaritan 6th c. BC
                  Iberian 4th c. BC
                  Epigraphic South Arabian 9th c. BC
                  
                  
                  
                  • Ge'ez 5–6th c. BC History
                    The Hebrew alphabet consists of the following letters. Five letters have a different form (known as the final form) at the ends of words: these are shown in the table below the normal form.
                    
                    Short table
                    Both the old Hebrew script and the modern Hebrew script have only one case, but in the modern script some letters have special final forms, also called Sofit form, used only at the end of a word. This is similar to the Arabic alphabet, although much simpler.
                    The Hebrew alphabet is an abjad: vowels are normally not indicated. Where they are, it is because a weak consonant such as א alef, ה hey, ו vav or י yod has combined with a previous vowel and become silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. When used to write Yiddish, the Hebrew writing system uses consonants to indicate all the vowels (see Yiddish orthography), except where Hebrew words are written in Yiddish.
                    To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalisation and diacritical symbols called niqqud (ניקוד; literally: "applying points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted, used in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls), called "Trope".
                    Hebrew letters may also be used as numbers; see the entry on Hebrew numerals. This use of letters as numbers is common in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) in a practice known as gematria.
                    
                    Description
                    Further information: Romanization of Hebrew, Hebrew numerals, Cursive Hebrew, Rashi script
                    The following table is a breakdown of each letter in the Hebrew alphabet, describing its written glyph or glyphs, its name or names, its numerical values, and its Latin script transliteration values used in academic work. If two glyphs are shown for a letter, then the left-most glyph is the terminal form of the letter (or right-most glyph if your browser doesn't support right-to-left text layout).
                    
                    unwritten in initial and final positions, though often not written at all
                    unwritten in final positions
                    "h" initial or after consonants, "ch" everywhere else
                    "i" in final positions or before consonants
                    often not written at all Main table
                    Further information: Hebrew phonology
                    The following table contains the pronunciation of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet.
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    
                    

                    Symbol	Pronunciation (IPA)
                    	Israeli	Ashkenazi	Sephardi	Yemenite	Tiberian	Reconstructed
                    						Mishnaic	Biblical
                    א	[ʔ]	[ - ]	[ʔ, -]	[ʔ, -]	[ʔ, -]	[ʔ, -]	[ʔ]
                    ב	[b, v]	[b, v~v̥]	[b, b~β~v]	[b]	[b, v]	[b, β]	[b]
                    ג	[g]	[g~g̊]	[g, g~ɣ]	[ʤ, ɣ]	[ɡ, ɣ]	[ɡ, ɣ]	[ɡ]
                    ד	[d]	[d~d̥]	[d̪~ð]	[d̪, ð]	[d̪, ð]	[d̪, ð]	[d̪]
                    ה	[h~ʔ, -]	[h, -]	[h, -]	[h, -]	[h, -]	[h, -]	[h]
                    ו	[v]	[v~v̥]	[v]	[w]	[w]	[w]	[w]
                    ז	[z]	[z~z̥]	[z]	[z]	[z]	[z]	[dz]
                    ח	[χ~ħ]	[x]	[ħ]	[ħ]	[ħ]	[ħ, x]	[ħ, x]
                    ט	[t]	[t]	[t̪]	[t̴̪] (1)	[t̴̪]	[t̪ˁ] (2)	[t̪ʼ] (3)
                    י	[j]	[j]	[j]	[j]	[j]	[j]	[j]
                    ך כ	[k, χ]	[k, x]	[k, x]	[k, x]	[k, x]	[k, x]	[k]
                    ל	[l]	[l~ɫ]	[l]	[l]	[l]	[l]	[l]
                    ם מ	[m]	[m]	[m]	[m]	[m]	[m]	[m]
                    ן נ	[n]	[n]	[n̪]	[n̪]	[n̪]	[n̪]	[n̪]
                    ס	[s]	[s]	[s]	[s]	[s]	[s]	[s]
                    ע	[ʔ~ʕ, – ]	[ - ]	[ʕ, ŋ, – ]	[ʕ]	[ʕ]	[ʕ, ɣ]	[ʕ, ɣ]
                    ף פ	[p, f]	[p, f]	[p, f]	[f]	[p, f]	[p, ɸ]	[p]
                    ץ צ	[ʦ]	[ʦ]	[ʦ]	[s̴] (1)	[s̴]	[sˁ] (2)	[ʦʼ, ʧʼ, tɬʼ] (3)
                    ק	[k]	[k]	[k]	[ɡ]	[q]	[q]	[kʼ] (3)
                    ר	[ʁ]	[ʀ]	[r~ɾ]	[r~ɾ]	[ɾ]	[ɾ]	[ɾ]
                    ש	[ʃ, s]	[ʃ, s]	[ʃ, s]	[ʃ, s]	[ʃ, s]	[ʃ, s]	[ʧ, tɬ, s]
                    ת	[t]	[t, s]	[t̪, θ]	[t̪, θ]	[t̪, θ]	[t̪, θ]	[t̪]

                    
                    
                    
                    velarized or pharyngealized
                    pharyngealized
                    sometimes said to be ejective but more likely glottalized. Pronunciation
                    
                    
                    Main article: Mater lectionis Matres lectionis
                    
                    

                    Main article: Niqqud Niqqud
                    Further information: Shin (letter)
                    Shin and sin are represented by the same letter, ש, but are two separate phonemes. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
                    
                    Dagesh
                    Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them:
                    Note Ⅰ: The letter "O" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used. Note Ⅱ: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same . Note Ⅲ: The letter "ו" (vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter.
                    
                    Vowel points
                    
                    

                    Main article: Sh'va Sh'va
                    
                    Comparison table
                    
                    Not used in Hebrew
                    
                    

                    Main article: Gershayim Gershayim
                    The sounds /tʃ, dʒ, ʒ, w/, written 'וו ,ז' , ג' , צ, are found in many loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary, even among people who don't know the source languages. In addition, there are ways of writing some sounds in words that are truly foreign, not part of Israeli Hebrew:
                    
                    Loanwords
                    In Israel's general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
                    * Varyingly
                    
                    Same pronunciation
                    Further information: Biblical Hebrew
                    Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b g d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHeT (pronounced /beɪgɛd'kɛfɛt/) letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops [b g d k p t] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives [p̄ ṯ ḵ ḇ ḏ ḡ] — IPA [f θ x v ð ɣ] when preceded by a vowel. The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g] respectively, and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation.
                    
                    ו vav was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German).
                    ח het and ע ayin were pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi was an emphatic /s/, ט tet was an emphatic /t/, and ק qof was /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants.
                    שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely IPA the fricative /ɬ/ (as in Welsh ll) or the affricate /tɬ/ (as in Náhuatl tl). Pronunciation of Ancient Hebrew
                    
                    

                    Main article: Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet Unicode and HTML
                    
                    In his science fiction novel The Forever War, author Joe Haldeman names collapsars after letters of the Hebrew alphabet (examples include Aleph and Yod-42).
                    In the Discworld novel Feet of Clay, a corrupted version of the Hebrew alphabet (altered slightly to look like roman letters) is used to represnt the writing of golems, creatures originating from Jewish mythology. See also