. Georgia is currently a member of the
.
Main article: History of Georgia (country) History Two early Georgian kingdoms of late
antiquity, known to
ancient Greeks and
Romans as
Iberia (
Georgian:
იბერია) in the east of the country and
Colchis (
Georgian:
კოლხეთი) in the west, were among the first nations in the region to adopt
Christianity (in 337 AD, or in 319 AD as recent research suggests.).
In
Greek Mythology, Colchis was the location of the
Golden Fleece sought by
Jason and the
Argonauts in
Apollonius Rhodius' epic tale
Argonautica. The incorporation of the
Golden Fleece into the myth may have derived from the local practice of using fleeces to sift gold dust from rivers. Known to its natives as
Egrisi or
Lazica, Colchis often saw
battles between the rival powers of
Persia and the
Byzantine Empire, both of which managed to conquer Western Georgia from time to time. As a result, those Kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early
Middle Ages. This made it easy for
Arabs to conquer Georgia in the 7th century. The rebellious regions were liberated and united into a unified Georgian Kingdom at the beginning of the 11th century. Starting in the 12th century AD, the rule of Georgia extended over a significant part of the Southern
Caucasus, including the northeastern parts and almost the entire northern coast of what is now
Turkey.
Georgia in antiquity The
Georgian Kingdom reached its zenith in the 12th to early 13th centuries. This period has been widely termed as
Georgia's Golden Age or
Georgian Renaissance. The revival of the Georgian Kingdom was short-lived however, and the Kingdom was eventually subjugated by the
Mongols in 1236. Thereafter, different local rulers fought for their independence from central Georgian rule, until the total disintegration of the Kingdom in the 15th century. Neighbouring kingdoms exploited the situation and from the 16th century, the
Persian Empire and the
Ottoman Empire subjugated the eastern and western regions of Georgia, respectively.
The rulers of regions which remained partly
autonomous organised rebellions on various occasions. Subsequent Persian and Turkish invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions. As a result of wars against neighbouring countries, the population of Georgia was reduced to 250,000 inhabitants at one point.
Medieval Georgia In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian kingdom of
Kartli-Kakheti signed the
Treaty of Georgievsk, according to which Kartli-Kakheti received protection by Russia. This, however, did not prevent
Tbilisi from being
sacked by the Persians in 1795.
On
December 22,
1800,
Tsar Paul I of Russia, at the alleged request of the Georgian King
George XII, signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the
Russian Empire, which was finalised by a decree on
January 8,
1801, the western Georgian
kingdom of Imereti was annexed by Tsar
Alexander I of Russia. The last Imeretian king and the last Georgian
Bagrationi ruler
Solomon II died in exile in 1815. From 1803 to 1878, as a result of numerous Russian wars against
Turkey and
Iran, several territories were annexed to Georgia. These areas (
Batumi,
Akhaltsikhe,
Poti, and
Abkhazia) now represent a large part of the territory of Georgia.
The principality of
Guria was abolished in 1828, and that of
Samegrelo (Mingrelia) in 1857. The region of
Svaneti was gradually annexed in 1857–59.
Within the Russian Empire After the
Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia declared independence on
May 26,
1918 in the midst of the
Russian Civil War. The parliamentary election was won by the Georgian Social-Democratic Party, considered to be a party of
Mensheviks, and its leader,
Noe Zhordania, became the prime minister. In 1918 a Georgian–
Armenian war erupted over parts of Georgian provinces populated mostly by Armenians which ended due to British intervention. In 1918–19 Georgian general
Giorgi Mazniashvili led a Georgian attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the
Black Sea coastline from
Tuapse to
Sochi and
Adler for independent Georgia. The country's independence did not last long, however.
In February 1921 Georgia
was attacked by the
Red Army. Georgian troops lost the battle and the Social-Democrat government fled the country. On
February 25,
1921 the
Red Army entered the capital
Tbilisi and installed a puppet communist government led by Georgian Bolshevik
Filipp Makharadze, but the Soviet rule was firmly established only after the
1924 revolt was brutally suppressed. Georgia was incorporated into the
Transcaucasian SFSR uniting Georgia,
Armenia and
Azerbaijan. The TFSSR was disaggregated into its component elements in 1936 and Georgia became the
Georgian SSR.
The Georgian-born communist radical
Ioseb Jughashvili, better known by his
nom de guerre Stalin (from the
Russian word for steel: сталь) was prominent among the Russian
Bolsheviks, who came to power in the Russian Empire after the
October Revolution in 1917.
Stalin was to rise to the highest position of the
Soviet state.
From 1941 to 1945, during
World War II, almost 700,000 Georgians fought as
Red Army soldiers against
Nazi Germany. (A number
also fought with the German army). About 350,000 Georgians died in the battlefields of the
Eastern Front. Also during this period the
Chechen,
Ingush,
Karachay and the
Balkarian peoples from the Northern
Caucasus, were deported to
Siberia for alleged collaboration with the
Nazis. With their respective autonomous republics abolished, the
Georgian SSR was briefly granted some of their territory, until 1957.
The Dissidential movement for restoration of Georgian statehood started to gain popularity in the 1960s.
The Georgian
Eduard Shevardnadze, the
USSR's minister for foreign affairs, was one of the main architects of the
Perestroika reforms of the late 1980s. During this period, Georgia developed a vigorous multiparty system which strongly favoured independence. The country staged the first democratic, multiparty parliamentary elections in the
Soviet Union on
October 28,
1990. From November 1990 to March 1991, one of the leaders of the National Liberation movement, Dr
Zviad Gamsakhurdia, was the Chairman of the
Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia (the Georgian parliament).
Brief independence period and Soviet era On
9 April 1989, a peaceful demonstration in the Georgian capital Tbilisi ended in a
massacre in which several people were killed by Soviet troops. This incident launched an anti-Soviet mass movement, soon shattered, however, by the in-fighting of its different political wings. Before the October 1990 elections to the national assembly, the
Umaghiesi Sabcho (Supreme Council) — the first polls in the USSR held on a formal multi-party basis — the political landscape was reshaped again. While the more radical groups boycotted the elections and convened an alternative forum (National Congress), another part of the anticommunist opposition united into the Round Table—Free Georgia (RT-FG) around the former dissidents like
Merab Kostava and
Zviad Gamsakhurdia. The latter won the elections by a clear margin, with 155 out of 250 parliamentary seats, whereas the ruling Communist Party (CP) received only 64 seats. All other parties failed to get over the 5%-threshold and were thus allotted only some single-member constituency seats.
On
April 9,
1991, shortly before the collapse of the USSR, Georgia declared independence. On
May 26,
1991,
Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected as a first President of independent Georgia. However, Gamsakhurdia was soon deposed in a bloody
coup d'état, from
December 22,
1991 to
January 6,
1992. The coup was instigated by part of the National Guards and a paramilitary organization called "
Mkhedrioni". The country became embroiled in a bitter
civil war which lasted almost until 1995. Eduard Shevardnadze returned to Georgia in 1992 and joined the leaders of the coup — Kitovani and Ioseliani — to head a triumvirate called the "State Council".
In 1995, Shevardnadze was officially elected as a president of Georgia, and reelected in 2000. At the same time, two regions of Georgia,
Abkhazia and
South Ossetia, quickly became embroiled in disputes with local separatists that led to widespread inter-ethnic violence and wars. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved and maintained de facto independence from Georgia. More than 250,000 Georgians were
ethnically cleansed from
Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and North Caucasians volunteers, (including Chechens) in 1992-1993. More than 25,000 Georgians were expelled from
Tskhinvali as well, and many Ossetian families were forced to abandon their homes in the
Borjomi region and move to Russia.
In 2003 Shevardnadze was deposed by the
Rose Revolution, after Georgian opposition and international monitors asserted that the
November 2 parliamentary elections were marred by fraud. The revolution was led by
Mikheil Saakashvili,
Zurab Zhvania and
Nino Burjanadze, former members and leaders of Shavarnadze's ruling party. Mikheil Saakashvili was elected as President of Georgia in 2004.
Following the Rose Revolution, a series of reforms was launched to strengthen the country's military and economic capabilities. The new government's efforts to reassert the Georgian authority in the southwestern autonomous republic of
Ajaria led to a major
crisis early in 2004. Success in Ajaria encouraged Saakashvili to intensify his efforts, but without success, in the breakaway
South Ossetia.
Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Colchis Kingdom of Lazica-Egrisi Unified Georgian Kingdom Partitions
- Kingdom of Tao-Klarjeti
Kingdom of Abkhazia
Kingdom of Hereti
Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Kartli
Kingdom of Imereti
Democratic Republic of Georgia
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
Republic of Georgia Post-Soviet independence
Following a crisis involving allegations of ballot fraud in the 2003 parliamentary elections, Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as president on November 23, 2003 in the bloodless Rose Revolution. The interim president was the speaker of the outgoing parliament (whose replacement was annulled), Nino Burjanadze. On January 4, 2004 Mikheil Saakashvili, leader of the National Movement - Democrats (NMD) (former United National Movement) won the country's presidential election and was inaugurated on January 25. Fresh parliamentary elections were held on March 28 where NMD secured the vast majority of the seats (with ca. 75% of the votes) with only one other party reaching the 7% threshold (the Rightist Opposition with ca. 7.5%). The vote is believed to have been one of the freest ever held in independent Georgia although an upsurge of tension between the central government and the Ajarian leader Aslan Abashidze affected the elections in this region. Despite recognizing progress the OSCE noted the tendency to misuse state administration resources in favor of the ruling party.[8]
The tension between the Georgian government and that of Ajaria grew increasingly after the elections until late April. Climaxing on May 1 when Abashidze responded to military maneuvers held by Georgia near the region with having the three bridges connecting Ajaria and the rest of Georgia over the Choloki River blown up. On May 5, Abashidze was forced to flee Georgia as mass demonstrations in Batumi called for his resignation and Russia increased their pressure by deploying Security Council secretary Igor Ivanov.
On February 3, 2005, Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania allegedly died of carbon monoxide poisoning in an apparent gas leak at the home of Raul Usupov, deputy governor of Kvemo Kartli region. Later, Zhvania's close friend and a long-time ally, Finance Minister Zurab Nogaideli was appointed for the post by President Saakashvili.
Since coming to power in 2003, Saakashvili has boosted spending on the country's armed forces and increased its overall size to around 45,000. Of that figure, 12,000 have been trained in advanced techniques by U.S. military instructors. This is a significant improvement on Georgia's 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index, where Georgia was rated joint 130th.
Government and politics
Main articles: Georgia and the European Union, Georgian-Ukrainian relations, and Georgian-Russian relations Foreign relations Main article: Administrative divisions of Georgia (country) Regions, republics, and districts Main article: Geography of Georgia (country) Geography and climate The landscape within the nation's boundaries is quite varied. Western Georgia's landscape ranges from low-land marsh-forests, swamps, and
temperate rain forests to eternal snows and glaciers, while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of semi-arid plains characteristic of Central Asia. Forests cover around 40% of Georgia's territory while the
alpine/
subalpine zone accounts for roughly around 10% of the land.
Much of the natural habitat in the low-lying areas of Western Georgia has disappeared over the last 100 years due to the agricultural development of the land and urbanization. The large majority of the forests that covered the
Colchis plain are now virtually non-existent with the exception of the regions that are included in the national parks and reserves (i.e. Paleostomi Lake area). At present, the forest cover generally remains outside of the low-lying areas and is mainly located along the foothills and the mountains. Western Georgia's forests consist mainly of deciduous trees below 600 meters (1,968 ft.) above sea level and comprise of species such as
oak,
hornbeam,
beech,
elm,
ash, and
chestnut. Evergreen species such as
box may also be found in many areas. Ca. 1000 of all 4000 higher plants of Georgia are endemic in this country. The west-central slopes of the
Meskheti Range in
Ajaria as well as several locations in
Samegrelo and
Abkhazia are covered by
temperate rain forests. Between 600–1,500 meters (1,968-4,920 ft.) above sea level, the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad-leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life. The zone is made up mainly of beech,
spruce, and
fir forests. From 1,500-1,800 meters (4,920-5,904 ft.), the forest becomes largely coniferous. The tree line generally ends at around 1,800 meters (5,904 ft.) and the alpine zone takes over, which in most areas, extends up to an elevation of 3,000 meters (9,840 ft.) above sea level. The eternal snow and
glacier zone lies above the 3,000 meter line.
Eastern Georgia's landscape (referring to the territory east of the
Likhi Range) is considerably different from that of the west. Although, much like the
Colchis plain in the west, nearly all of the low-lying areas of eastern Georgia including the
Mtkvari and
Alazani River plains have been deforested for agricultural purposes. In addition, due to the region's relatively drier climate, some of the low-lying plains (especially in
Kartli and south-eastern
Kakheti) were never covered by forests in the first place. The general landscape of eastern Georgia comprises numerous valleys and gorges that are separated by mountains. In contrast with western Georgia, nearly 85% of the forests of the region are deciduous. Coniferous forests only dominate in the
Borjomi Gorge and in the extreme western areas. Out of the deciduous species of trees,
beech,
oak, and
hornbeam dominate. Other deciduous species include several varieties of
maple,
aspen, ash, and
hazelnut. The upper
Alazani River Valley contains
yew forests. At higher elevations above 1,000 meters (3,280 ft) above sea level (particularly in the
Tusheti,
Khevsureti, and
Khevi regions),
pine and
birch forests dominate. In general, the forests in eastern Georgia occur between 500–2,000 metres (1,640–6,560 ft) above sea level, with the alpine zone extending from 2,000/2,200–3,000/3,500 metres (roughly about 6,560–11,480 ft). The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the
Alazani Valley of
Kakheti. The eternal snow and
glacier zone lies above the 3,500 metre (11,480 ft.) line in most areas of eastern Georgia.
Fauna The climate of Georgia is extremely diverse, considering the nation's small size. There are two main climatic zones, roughly separating Eastern and Western parts of the country. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range plays an important role in moderating Georgia's climate and protects the nation from the penetration of colder air masses from the north. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains partially protect the region from the influence of dry and hot air masses from the south as well.
Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1000–4000mm. (39–157 inches). The precipitation tends to be uniformly distributed throughout the year, although the rainfall can be particularly heavy during the Autumn months. The climate of the region varies significantly with elevation and while much of the lowland areas of western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year, the foothills and mountainous areas (including both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains) experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters (snow cover often exceeds 2 meters in many regions).
Ajaria is the wettest region of the
Caucasus, where the Mt. Mtirala
rainforest, east of
Kobuleti receives around 4500mm (177 inches) of precipitation per year.
Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental. The region's weather patterns are influenced both by dry, Central Asian/Caspian air masses from the east and humid, Black Sea air masses from the west. The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by several mountain ranges (
Likhi and
Meskheti) that separate the eastern and western parts of the nation. Annual precipitation is considerably less than that of western Georgia and ranges from 400–1600mm (16–63 inches). The wettest periods generally occur during Spring and Autumn while Winter and the Summer months tend to be the driest. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in the low-lying areas) and relatively cold winters. As in the western parts of the nation, elevation plays an important role in eastern Georgia as well, and climatic conditions above 1500 metres (4920ft) above sea level are considerably cooler (even colder) than those of the low-lying areas. The regions that lie above 2000 meters (6560ft) above sea level frequently experience frost even during the summer months.
Climate Main article: Economy of Georgia Economy Main article: Demographics of Georgia Demographics Today most of the population in Georgia practices
Orthodox Christianity of the
Georgian Orthodox Church (82.0%). However, Georgia has a long history of religious harmony within its borders despite the historical conflicts with the surrounding nations. Different religious minorities have lived in Georgia for thousands of years and religious discriminations are virtually unknown in the country.
Religion Christianity, first preached by the
Apostles Simon and Andrew in the first century, became the state religion of
Kartli (Iberia) in 327, making Georgia second oldest Christian country after
Armenia. The final conversion to Christianity of Georgia in 327 is credited to
St. Nino of
Cappadocia who was the only daughter of pious and noble parents the Roman general Zabulon, a relative of the great martyr
St. George, and Susanna, sister of the Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Christianity Main article: Culture of Georgia Culture Georgian architecture is one of the most distinguished and unique architectures in the world. However, it has been enriched and influenced by many civilizations during the long history of the country. There are several different architectural styles for
castles,
towers fortifications and churches. The
Upper Svaneti fortifications and the castle town of
Shatili in
Khevsureti are one of the finest examples of medieval Georgian castles.
Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of the most fascinating aspects of Georgian Christian architecture, which combines classical
dome style with original
basilica style forming what is known as Georgian cross-dome style. Cross-dome style of architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century and before that, most of the Georgian churches were basilicas. Georgian culture places high emphases on
individualism and this is expressed thought the allocation of space inside the churches. Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found oversees in Bulgaria (
Bachkovo Monastery built in 1083 by Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani ), in Greece (
Iviron monastery built by Georgians in 10th century) and in Jerusalem (
Monastery of the Cross built by Georgians in 9th century).
Other architectural aspects of Georgia include Hausmannized
Rustaveli avenue of
Tbilisi and the Old Town District.
Architecture The art of Georgia varies from
prehistoric to ancient
Greek,
Roman,
medieval,
ecclesiastic,
iconic and modern
visual arts. One of the most famous late nineteenth and early twentieth century Georgian artists is
Niko Pirosmani, who is one of the most prominent
primitivist painters in the world. Pirosmani's works can also been seen as early impressionistic due to the fact that he was an inspiration to
Lado Gudiashvili and
Elene Akhvlediani who represent more mainstream impressionism of the twentieth century.
Art Main article: Georgian cuisine Cuisine Main article: Sport in Georgia (country) Sport Georgian cuisine Georgian cheese Human rights in Georgia (country) Communications in Georgia Georgian Media Georgia national football team Georgia national rugby league team Rugby union in Georgia Georgia national rugby union team (nicknamed
Lelos)
Georgian Academy of Sciences Georgian Catholic Church Georgian National Section of EUROSCIENCE Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church Georgian people Peoples of the Caucasus List of Georgian companies List of Georgian writers List of Georgians Military of Georgia Music of Georgia The National Bank of Georgia Public holidays in Georgia Religion and religious freedom in Georgia Sakartvelos Skauturi Modzraobis Organizatsia State decorations of Georgia Tbilisi State University Transport in Georgia See also Universities in Tbilisi include:
Tbilisi State University Tbilisi State Conservatory Tbilisi State Medical University Georgian Agrarian University Georgian Technical University Tbilisi State Pedagogical University Ilia Chavchavadze State University International Black Sea University Georgian University of Social Sciences Tbilisi Institute of Asia and Africa Education Notes Anchabadze, George:
History of Georgia: A Short Sketch, Tbilisi 2005
ISBN 99928-71-59-8 Avalov, Zurab:
Prisoedinenie Gruzii k Rossii, Montvid, S.-Peterburg 1906
Gvosdev, Nikolas K.:
Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760-1819, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000,
ISBN 0-312-22990-9 Lang, David M.:
The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658-1832, Columbia University Press, New York 1957
Suny, Ronald Grigor:
The Making of the Georgian Nation, (2nd Edition), Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1994,
ISBN 0-253-35579-6 
Further reading Public institutions CIA Factbook Open Directory Project Eurasianet US Department of State
Iowa Wesleyan College is a private, fully-accredited four-year college of the United Methodist Church located
Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. Full-time student enrollment at Iowa Wesleyan is approximately 800.
On
February 5,
1842, the
Iowa Territorial Legislature passed a bill to incorporate a literary institute in Mount Pleasant. The bill became law on
February 17. On
March 11,
1843, nine years after the settlement was founded, four Mount Pleasant citizens donated twenty acres (81,000 m²) in four adjoining plots to enable the trustees "to erect a suitable building on some part of the donation, which should be used and forever appropriated as an institution of higher learning." This building, now called Pioneer Hall, is still in use today -- the oldest college building at the oldest coeducational institution of higher learning located west of the
Mississippi River.
Among the college's most famous alumni are
Belle Babb "Arabella" Mansfield, the first female lawyer in the United States;
James Van Allen, world-renowned astrophysicist and discoverer of the
Van Allen radiation belt circling the earth,
Peggy Whitson,
NASA Astronaut and
William Andrews Clark, early 20th century business magnate.
Dr.
William N. Johnston is the school's current president.
El Coca (also known as
Puerto Francisco de Orellana) is a
city located in
eastern Ecuador. It is the
capital of
Orellana. The city is located in the
Amazon Rainforest.
The city is located in the confluence of the
Coca River and the
Napo River. It has a
population of 18,171 inhabitants. El Coca is visited by
tourists going into the Amazonian forest. For this purpose, it has an
airport.
The official name of the city, Puerto Francisco de Orellana, is taken from
Francisco de Orellana, who explored the confluence of the Coca River and the Napo River. It is believed that he set sail from the current location of the town eventually making his way into the Amazon River seeing the "Amazon" or tribes in which the women also fought. Eventually Francisco de Orellana made it to the Atlantic. He made a second expedition leaving but died on the Amazon delta unable to find a way through.
Also in this city is located the 19TH "NAPO" JUNGLE BRIGADE (Army of Ecuador), which develops military courses as "Selva", "Tigres", "Reconocimiento de Largo Alcance", "Operaciones Rivereñas" and "Operaciones de Asalto aereo".
Coordinates: 0°28′S, 76°58′W
The
Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the
Government of New York City. The office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within the city. The Mayor is directly elected by popular vote for a four year term, and faces a two-term limit.
The budget overseen by the Mayor's office is the largest municipal budget in the
United States. The city government spends about $50 billion a year, employs 250,000 people, spends about $15 billion to educate more than 1.1 million children, levies $27 billion in taxes, and receives $14 billion from federal and state governments.
The Mayor's office is located in
New York City Hall and has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of
New York City:
Manhattan,
Brooklyn,
The Bronx,
Queens, and
Staten Island. The Mayor appoints a large number of officials, including commissioners who head city departments, and his or her deputy mayors.
Current mayor In 1665, Governor
Richard Nicolls appointed
Thomas Willett as the first "mayor of New York." For the next 156 years, the mayor would be appointed and have limited power. Between 1777 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the
Council of Appointments in which the state's governor had the loudest voice. In 1821, the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor. An amendment to the New York State constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor.
Cornelius W. Lawrence, a
Democrat, was elected that year.
Gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the Mayor since
Fiorello LaGuardia's administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum.
In 2000 direct control of the city's public school system was transferred to the Mayor's Office. In 2003 the reorganization established the
New York City Department of Education.
Tammany Hall The Mayor of New York City may appoint several Deputy Mayors to assist him and to oversee major offices within the executive branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter. The post was created by Fiorello LaGuardia (who appointed
Grover Whalen as deputy mayor) to handle ceremonial events which the mayor was too busy to attend. Since then deputy mayors have been appointed with their areas of responsibility defined by the appointing mayor. There are currently seven deputy mayors, all of whom report directly to the Mayor. Deputy mayors do not have any right to succeed to the mayoralty in the case of vacancy or incapacity of the mayor (the order of succession is Public Advocate, then Comptroller).
The current deputy mayors are:
Advises the Mayor on citywide administrative, operational and policy matters.
Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Department of Buildings, the Department of City Planning, and related agencies.
Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Department for the Aging, the Administration for Children's Services, and related agencies.
Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Coordinator of Administrative Justice, Office to Combat Domestic Violence, and related agencies.
Directs the City's relations with federal, state and local governing entities and serves as the Mayor's chief liaison with elected officials.
Assists the Mayor in managing the
Police Department,
Fire Department,
Office of Emergency Management, Office of Management and Budget, etc.
Inter alia, oversees and coordinates the operations of the Department of Education and the Department of Youth and Community Development.
First Deputy Mayor: Patricia Harris
Deputy Mayor for Economic Development and Rebuilding: Daniel Doctoroff
Deputy Mayor for Health and Human Services: Linda Gibbs
Deputy Mayor for Legal Affairs: Carol Robles-Roman
Deputy Mayor for Governmental Affairs: Kevin Sheekey
Deputy Mayor for Administration: Edward Skyler
Deputy Mayor for Education and Community Development: Dennis Walcott
The Mayor in popular culture List of mayors of New York City Government of New York City History of New York City New York City Council New York City Civil Court New York City Criminal Court
Former overseas territories